The main reasons why springs can have a deformation range include material properties, geometric size, and environmental factors. ‌

Firstly, ‌ material property ‌ is the key factor affecting the deformation range of the spring. The elastic modulus and shear modulus of spring material determine the stiffness of spring. For example, carbon spring steel has an elastic modulus of about 210 GPa and a shear modulus of about 80 GPa. Non-uniformity or defects of the material, such as inclusions, cracks, etc., can also lead to local stress concentration, resulting in early deformation ‌1.

Secondly, ‌ geometry ‌ has a significant effect on the deformation range of the spring. The linear diameter, middle diameter, number of turns and spiral Angle of the spring will affect its mechanical properties. The smaller the wire diameter, the easier the spring deformation; The smaller the middle diameter, the greater the stiffness of the spring; The more turns, the better the elasticity of the spring, but it also increases the possibility of deformation ‌1. According to Hooke's law, the elongation of a spring is proportional to the applied force, and permanent deformation occurs when the force exerted on the spring exceeds its yield limit ‌1.

In addition, ‌ environmental factors ‌ such as temperature, humidity and chemical corrosion will also affect the performance of the spring. An increase in temperature will result in a decrease in the elastic modulus of the material, thereby reducing the stiffness of the spring. High humidity or severe chemical corrosion environment will accelerate the deformation and damage of the spring ‌